{"id":1519,"date":"2024-10-02T13:39:09","date_gmt":"2024-10-02T10:39:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kupeliteolog.com\/?p=1519"},"modified":"2024-10-02T13:39:09","modified_gmt":"2024-10-02T10:39:09","slug":"orta-cag-tamamen-karanlik-degildi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kupeliteolog.com\/index.php\/2024\/10\/02\/orta-cag-tamamen-karanlik-degildi\/","title":{"rendered":"Orta \u00c7a\u011f Tamamen Karanl\u0131k De\u011fildi"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130nan\u00e7 ve \u00f6\u011freti bak\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bozulmalara u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Orta \u00c7a\u011f kilisesi i\u00e7inde samimi iman sahipleri bulunmaktayd\u0131. Bu ki\u015filer, yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f doktrinlere ve uygulamalara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n S\u00f6z\u00fc’ne dayal\u0131 daha saf bir kilise aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na girmi\u015flerdi. Her ne kadar bu reform \u00e7abalar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu zaman b\u00fcy\u00fck engellerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve hatta \u015fiddetle bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da bu inan\u00e7 \u00f6nderlerinin \u00f6zverili gayretleri, Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n temel \u00f6\u011fretilerini yeniden ortaya koyma ve kilisenin ilk y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131ndaki saf inanc\u0131na geri d\u00f6nme arzusunu yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. John Wycliffe, Jan Hus ve Girolamo Savonarola gibi isimler, kilisenin yozla\u015fmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 cesurca ses y\u00fckselten \u00f6nc\u00fcler olarak dikkat \u00e7eker. Onlar\u0131n \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 Kutsal Kitap perspektifinden ele almak hem kendi d\u00f6nemlerindeki m\u00fccadelelerini anlamam\u0131za hem de bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in dersler \u00e7\u0131karmam\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

John Wycliffe<\/strong><\/p>\n

John Wycliffe kendi halk\u0131n\u0131 ve milletini seviyordu. \u0130ngiltere papal\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etti\u011finde veya papal\u0131k y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131na girdi\u011finde, Papa’n\u0131n \u0130ngiltere ve \u0130ngiliz halk\u0131 i\u00e7in zararl\u0131 olabilecek herhangi bir karar vermeyece\u011fi konusunda mutab\u0131k kald\u0131lar. Ancak Wycliffe, papal\u0131\u011f\u0131n Hakikat’in do\u011fru yolundan sapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Wycliffe’e g\u00f6re Kilise, vergileri ve ondal\u0131klar\u0131 dinin ve \u0130ngiltere’nin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131yordu. Kilisenin ruhsal durumu da harap ediciydi ve Wycliff bu zorbal\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 ses \u00e7\u0131karmaya karar verdi. \u00d6rne\u011fin, papal\u0131k ile sek\u00fcler h\u00fck\u00fcmet aras\u0131ndaki tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n en \u00f6nemli konular\u0131ndan biri vergi ikilemiydi. Augustinus\u00e7u rahiplere g\u00f6re kilise ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc durumlarda vergi \u00f6demelidir. Ancak Papal\u0131k bu fikre kar\u015f\u0131yd\u0131 ve Kilise’nin her zaman i\u00e7in t\u00fcm vergilerden muaf tutulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunuyorlard\u0131. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, t\u00fcm siyasi meselelerin temelinde para ve kilisenin zenginli\u011fi yat\u0131yordu. Wyclif siyasal faaliyetlere kat\u0131ld\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu sayede kendi siyasal ve dini fikirlerini empoze edebilecekti. Kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bir di\u011fer nedeni de aforoz edilmekten korunmakt\u0131. Bir \u015fekilde, siyasi tart\u0131\u015fmalara ve di\u011fer faaliyetlere kat\u0131larak g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ve huzurunu g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na ald\u0131. Wyclif felsefe e\u011fitimi ald\u0131ktan sonra Katolik kilisesinin temel \u00f6\u011fretilerine alternatif bir yorum ya da bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 getirdi. Tanr\u0131 S\u00f6z\u00fc’n\u00fcn nihai yetkisini kabul ederek ona de\u011fer verdi. Kutsal Kitap’\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 yorumlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Postilla adl\u0131 eserinde ilk kilisenin al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve yoksullu\u011fu vurgulam\u0131\u015f ve Katolik kilisesini kibirli ve d\u00f6nek olmakla ele\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Ne var ki en tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 kitab\u0131, Efkaristiya ile ilgili olup Katolik Kilisesi’nin ilahiyat\u0131na meydan okumu\u015ftur. De Echaristia’da (Efkaristiya \u00dczerine) Wycliffe, kilisenin uzun s\u00fcre \u00f6nce k\u0131nad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu nedenle kilisenin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini sapk\u0131n olarak kabul etti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fen maddenin do\u011fas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yeni bir a\u00e7\u0131klama sundu. Wycliffe’in din adamlar\u0131n\u0131 suistimal edici tutumlar\u0131 nedeniyle ele\u015ftirmesi, sivil egemenlik, Kutsal Kitap, Katolik kilisesi ve rahiplik ve Efkaristiya hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri Martin Luther’inkilere benziyordu. Kutsal Kitap’\u0131n \u00f6nemini vurgulayan ve Augustinus\u00e7u Tanr\u0131 \u015eehri anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 savunan Wycliffe, bu \u201ca\u015f\u0131r\u0131\u201d tutumu nedeniyle kilise taraf\u0131ndan sapk\u0131n olarak nitelendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Jan Hus<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hus’un ilk gen\u00e7lik y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki temel amac\u0131 toplumda \u00f6nemli bir ki\u015fi olmak, iyi ve huzurlu bir hayat ya\u015famakt\u0131. Bu nedenle \u00fcniversitede okudu ve lisans diplomas\u0131n\u0131 almak i\u00e7in \u00e7abalad\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan y\u00fcksek lisans yapt\u0131. Hus, \u201c\u00f6nemli bir ki\u015fi\u201d olduktan sonra de\u011fi\u015fim ya\u015fad\u0131 ve kiliseyi ve din adamlar\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00d6zellikle din adamlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, simoniyi,[1]<\/a> ayinler i\u00e7in para kabul edilmesini ve di\u011fer baz\u0131 ahlaki ve teolojik konular\u0131 ele\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

Hus din adamlar\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftiren biri olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen kilisenin yap\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Jan Hus kilise yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a desteklemi\u015f fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda neredeyse t\u00fcm din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n simoni yapmaktan su\u00e7lu oldu\u011funa inanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O ve destek\u00e7ileri Wycliffe’in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini benimsemi\u015ftir ancak Hus bir \u015fekilde onunla her noktada hemfikir olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hus, Wycliffe’in \u00f6\u011fretti\u011fi ve Bethlehem \u015eapeli ve \u00fcniversitedeki arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretti\u011fi her \u015feyi kabul etmese de benimsemedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri k\u0131namay\u0131 reddetmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Wycliffe’in Efkaristiya hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri Hus’unkinden farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Hus geleneksel Katolik \u00f6z\u00fcn d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc (transubstantia) g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunuyor fakat bu \u00f6\u011fretiyi a\u00e7\u0131klarken farkl\u0131 bir dil kullan\u0131yordu. \u00d6te yandan Hus papal\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fildi ancak papal\u0131k yetkisinin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunuyordu. Bununla birlikte, g\u00fcnahlar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n affedebilece\u011fine inan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Hus ve Wyclif baz\u0131 noktalarda hemfikir olsalar da ama\u00e7lar\u0131 farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Hus’un Protestan Reformu \u00fczerinde etkisi olmu\u015ftur, ancak Martin Luther, Jean Calvin ya da di\u011fer reformcularla ayn\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fte oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyemeyiz. Reformcular Sola Scriptura, Sola Fide, Sola Gratia, Solus Christus ve Soli Deo Gloria \u00f6\u011fretileri i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele ederken Hus bunu yapmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun amac\u0131 kilisenin ahlaki g\u00fcnahlar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmakt\u0131; b\u00f6ylece Katolik kilisesine olan ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015f oluyordu.<\/p>\n

Girolamo Savonarola<\/strong><\/p>\n

Girolamo Savonarola 1452 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ferrara’da do\u011fdu. Kutsal Kitap, tarih ve ilahiyat konular\u0131nda ciddi bir e\u011fitim ald\u0131. Vaaz verme konusunda derin bir tutkuya sahip olan Savonarola, 1482’de San Franco manast\u0131r\u0131nda Kutsal Kitap hocas\u0131 oldu. Daha \u00f6nce tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni yetme mistik filozof Pico della Mirandola’n\u0131n giri\u015fimiyle Lorenzo de Medici taraf\u0131ndan Floransa’ya davet edilen Savonarola, 1490 y\u0131l\u0131nda San Marco’daki g\u00f6revini devrald\u0131. Floransa’da vaazlar verdi ve dindarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n erdemleri \u00fczerine eserler yay\u0131nlad\u0131. 1491 y\u0131l\u0131nda San Marco Manast\u0131r\u0131’n\u0131n ba\u015f rahibi olan Savonarola, ayn\u0131 konularda vaaz vermeye devam etti. Toplumu ve kiliseyi yanl\u0131\u015f y\u00f6nlendirenlerin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savundu. Bununla da yetinmeyerek Katolik Kilisesi’nde reform yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u0131srarla savundu. \u00d6te yandan daha fazla \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck elde etmek i\u00e7in Toscana’da \u00f6zerk bir Dominiken toplulu\u011fu olu\u015fturmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Papa’ya kar\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylemlerden b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar g\u00f6ren Savonarola, sonunda 1497 y\u0131l\u0131nda aforoz edildi. T\u00fcm \u00e7abalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen de 1498 y\u0131l\u0131nda idam edildi.<\/p>\n

Kutsal Kitap\u2019a G\u00f6re De\u011ferlendirme<\/strong><\/p>\n

Orta \u00c7a\u011f’da ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ve Kilise’yi k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerden ve yanl\u0131\u015flardan ar\u0131nd\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fi hakk\u0131nda Kutsal Kitap’a uygun bir de\u011ferlendirme yapmak kolay olmayacakt\u0131r. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, her \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fide de belli bir Tanr\u0131 sevgisi ve vaaz verme tutkusu vard\u0131. Hus ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta teoloji camias\u0131na farkl\u0131 ama\u00e7larla girmi\u015f olsa da daha sonra fikirleri de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Wycliffe’in amac\u0131 de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, halk\u0131na duydu\u011fu sevginin Roma kilisesinin ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 tutumundan daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u0130lk olarak, o d\u00f6nemde Kutsal Kitap’\u0131 farkl\u0131 Avrupa dillerine \u00e7evirme giri\u015fimi, Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n S\u00f6z\u00fc’n\u00fcn tek bir kurum taraf\u0131ndan manip\u00fcle edilmesini \u00f6nlemeye y\u00f6nelik bir giri\u015fimdi. Daha sonra, Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek, yani herkesin Kelam’\u0131 okumas\u0131 i\u00e7in siyasi otoritelerle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015fmalar sonucunda Papa’y\u0131 ele\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bir bak\u0131ma, siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fc Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n amac\u0131na ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in bir kanal ya da ara\u00e7 olarak kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kutsal Kitap’a bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc insanlardan gizlemedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fc herkes i\u00e7in yararl\u0131d\u0131r ve insan\u0131n kutsal bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrmesi i\u00e7in gerekli t\u00fcm bilgileri i\u00e7erir (2Ti. 3:16-17). Ayr\u0131ca Koloseliler kitab\u0131nda bilginin ve bilgeli\u011fin t\u00fcm hazinelerinin Mesih’te oldu\u011fu yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r (Kol. 2:2). Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Wycliffe’in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek do\u011fru olmaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey k\u0131smen vatanseverlik duygular\u0131ndan kaynaklansa da s\u00f6yledi\u011fi ve ilan etti\u011fi \u015fey Kutsal Kitap’a ayk\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

Hus’un de\u011fi\u015fim ya da reform \u00e7abas\u0131 farkl\u0131 nedenlerle olmu\u015ftur. Nitekim i\u00e7eri\u011fine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda Hus bu yola \u00f6nemli bir ki\u015filik olma hedefiyle \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olsa da daha sonra amac\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce Hus’un kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011fi \u00f6z\u00fcn d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc (transubstantia) g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyd\u00fc. Savundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f Kutsal Kitap’a ayk\u0131r\u0131yd\u0131. Ancak Kilise i\u00e7indeki k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckleri duyurmas\u0131 ve simoni su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 herkese ilan etmesi Hus’un yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru i\u015flerden bir ka\u00e7\u0131yd\u0131. Kilise ya da kiliseyi y\u00f6netenler Roma Katolik kilisesinin iddia etti\u011fi gibi dokunulmaz de\u011fildir. Zira el\u00e7i Pavlus, Katoliklerin ilk Papa olarak kabul etti\u011fi Petrus’u alenen azarlam\u0131\u015f (Gal. 1:11-24) ve bu sapk\u0131nl\u0131k ya da isyan olarak nitelendirilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Savonarola \u00e7ok h\u0131rsl\u0131 bir vaizdi. Amac\u0131 Kilise’nin ve Papa’n\u0131n hatalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltmekti ve bunu vaaz y\u00f6ntemiyle yapmay\u0131 tercih etti. Tipik bir Dominiken olan Savonarola, Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc kullanarak vaaz veriyor, yanl\u0131\u015f olan\u0131 de\u011fil do\u011fru olan\u0131 yap\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Simoni, kilise i\u00e7erisinde dini makamlar\u0131n, r\u00fctbelerin veya ruhani hizmetlerin para veya ba\u015fka maddi kazan\u00e7 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sat\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Terim, ad\u0131n\u0131 El\u00e7ilerin \u0130\u015fleri 8:18-24’te anlat\u0131lan Simon Magus’tan al\u0131r. Simon, Kutsal Ruh’u verme yetkisini para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sat\u0131n almak istemi\u015f, bu iste\u011fi El\u00e7i Petrus taraf\u0131ndan \u015fiddetle k\u0131nanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Simoni, Orta \u00c7a\u011f’da yayg\u0131n bir sorun haline gelmi\u015f ve kilisenin ruhani otoritesinin ciddi \u015fekilde yozla\u015fmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Kutsal Kitap’a g\u00f6re, simoni gibi uygulamalar, Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n arma\u011fanlar\u0131n\u0131n sat\u0131n al\u0131nabilir oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrerek ruhsal yozla\u015fmaya ve dini liderlerin k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n l\u00fctfu ve ruhani hizmetler, Kutsal Kitap’ta hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde maddi bir bedelle ili\u015fkilendirilmemi\u015ftir; aksine, iman ve ruhsal hizmet Tanr\u0131’dan bir arma\u011fand\u0131r (Y\u015fa. 55:1-3, Mat. 10:8).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130nan\u00e7 ve \u00f6\u011freti bak\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bozulmalara u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Orta \u00c7a\u011f kilisesi i\u00e7inde samimi iman sahipleri bulunmaktayd\u0131. Bu ki\u015filer, yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f doktrinlere ve uygulamalara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n S\u00f6z\u00fc’ne dayal\u0131 daha saf bir kilise aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na girmi\u015flerdi. Her ne kadar bu reform \u00e7abalar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu zaman b\u00fcy\u00fck engellerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve hatta \u015fiddetle bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da bu inan\u00e7 \u00f6nderlerinin \u00f6zverili …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1520,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[64],"tags":[217,219,34,159,220,87,218],"class_list":["post-1519","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tarih","tag-church","tag-hus","tag-kilise","tag-orta-cag","tag-savonarola","tag-tarih","tag-wicliffe"],"yoast_head":"\nOrta \u00c7a\u011f Tamamen Karanl\u0131k De\u011fildi - K\u00fcpeli Teolog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0130nan\u00e7 ve \u00f6\u011freti bak\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bozulmalara u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Orta \u00c7a\u011f kilisesi i\u00e7inde samimi iman sahipleri bulunmaktayd\u0131...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/kupeliteolog.com\/index.php\/2024\/10\/02\/orta-cag-tamamen-karanlik-degildi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Orta \u00c7a\u011f Tamamen Karanl\u0131k De\u011fildi - 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